Version 2, June 1991

第 2 版，1991 年 6 月

 

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. 大多数软件许可证的设计目的在于剥夺你分享和修改软件的自由｡GNU 通用公共许可证却恰恰相反，其旨在保证你能够自由地分享和修改自由软件，从而确保所有用户都能自由使用该软件｡本通用公共许可证适用于自由软件基金会的绝大部分软件，以及作者宣称应用本许可证的任何其他程序｡(另有部分自由软件基金会软件适用 GNU 库通用公共许可证｡) 你也可以将它应用于你的程序｡

 

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 在谈论自由软件时，我们指的是使用自由，而不是免费｡我们的通用公共许可证的设计目的在于确保你有自由来分发自由软件的副本 (如果你愿意，亦可对此服务收费), 确保你能接收到该软件的源代码､或是在需要的时候能够获取，确保你有权修改该软件､或在新的自由程序中使用该软件的片段，并确保你知晓你有这么做的权利｡

 

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. 为了保障你的权利，我们有必要设置限制条件，以禁止任何人否定你的这些权利或要求你放弃这些权利｡当你分发本软件副本或修改本软件时，这些限制条件将转化为你的特定责任｡

 

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. 例如，在你分发此类程序的副本时，无论是以免费还是收费形式进行，你必须将你所享有的全部权利给予接收者｡你必须确保他们也收到或能够得到源代码｡你还必须向他们展示这些条款，以便他们知晓自己的权利｡

 

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. 我们通过两步来保护你的权益：一是确认本软件的版权；二是向你提供本许可证，授予你复制､分发和 / 或修改本软件的法律许可｡

 

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. 此外，为保护每个作者和我们自己，我们希望确保每个人都明白，此自由软件没有任何形式的保证｡如果本软件被其他人修改并传递，我们希望其接收者能够知晓他们所拥有的并不是原始版本，这样其他人引入的任何问题都不会影响原始作者的声誉｡

 

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 最后，任何自由程序都持续面临着软件专利的威胁｡我们希望避免的风险是：对自由程序进行再分发的人需要单独获取专利许可､从而使该程序在实质上变成专有程序｡为了防止发生这种情况，我们已经明确指出，任何相关的专利要么必须许可给所有人自由使用，要么完全不进行许可｡

 

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. 有关复制､分发和修改的确切条款和条件如下｡

 

有关复制､分发和修改的条款和条件

0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The “Program”, below, refers to any such program or work, and a “work based on the Program” means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term “modification”.) Each licensee is addressed as “you”.

本许可证可适用于任何程序或其他形式的作品，只要其包含其版权所有者放置的声明，称其可根据本通用公共许可证的条款进行分发。在下文中，“本程序”指任何前述程序或作品，“基于本程序的作品”可以指本程序自身，或其在版权法下的由本程序衍生的任何作品：即该作品包含本程序或其一部分的逐字副本、经过修改后的副本，和/或被翻译成其他语言的副本。（下文中，“修改”一词的含义包括但不限于翻译。）每个被许可人均被称为“你”。

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

复制、分发和修改以外的行为不在本许可证的范围内；这些行为超出了本许可证的范围。运行本程序的行为不受限制；仅当本程序的输出内容构成基于本程序的作品时（区别于通过运行本程序而完成的作品），该内容才落入本许可证范围内。这是否成立取决于本程序的用途。

 

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

你可以通过任何介质复制和分发你所收到的本程序源代码的逐字副本，只要你在每份副本上以醒目且适当的方式发布合适的版权声明和无保证声明；完整保留所有涉及本许可证的声明和涉及无任何保证的声明；并随同本程序一起将本许可证副本交给所有接收者。

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

你可以就传输某一副本的实际行为收取费用，你也可以自行选择有偿提供保证。

 

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

你可以修改你收到的本程序或其任何部分的副本，从而形成基于本程序的作品，并根据前述第1条的要求复制和分发前述修改或作品，只要你还同时满足以下所有条件：

a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

你必须在修改后的文件附上显著的声明，说明你修改了该文件，并给出任何修改的日期。

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.

你必须将你分发或发布的、全部或部分地包含或衍生自本程序或其部分的任何作品作为一个整体，根据本许可证的条款免费授权给所有第三方。

c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

如果你修改后的程序在运行时通常通过交互方式读取命令，则你必须使其在以最通常的方式启动运行该交互式使用时，打印或显示包含以下内容的公告：适当的版权声明，无任何保证（或声称由你提供保证）以及用户可以在这些条件下再分发程序的声明，同时告知用户如何查看本许可证的副本。（例外：如果本程序自身虽有交互但通常不会打印此种公告，则你基于本程序的作品无须打印公告。）

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

这些要求适用于修改后的整个作品。如果该作品中可识别的部分并非衍生自本程序，并且其自身可以被合理地认为是独立、可分的作品，那么当你将其作为单独的作品进行分发时，这些部分则并不落入本许可证及其条款的范围内。但当你将这些部分作为基于本程序作品整体的一部分进行分发时，该整个作品的分发则必须遵循本许可证条款，本许可证对其他被许可人的许可扩展到该作品整体，也因此扩展到该作品的每一部分，不论该部分由谁编写。

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.

因此，本条款的目的并非主张或挑战完全由你所编写的作品的权利；而是旨在行使对基于本程序的衍生作品或集合作品进行分发的控制权。

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

此外，仅是将不基于本程序的其他作品与本程序（或与基于本程序的作品）聚合于同一存储区或分发介质之中，并不会使得该其他作品落入本许可证范围内。

 

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

你可以根据前述第1条和第2条的要求将本程序（或根据第2条，将基于它的作品）以目标代码或可执行的形式进行复制和分发，前提是你还做到以下条件之一：

a)Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

随附提供完整的机器可读的“对应源代码”，该源代码必须根据前述第1条和第2条的要求并通过通常用于软件交换的介质上分发；或

b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

随附提供一个有效期至少为三年的书面要约，以向任何第三方提供一个完整的机器可读的“对应源代码”副本，收取的费用不得超过你对源代码进行实际分发的成本，该源代码将根据前述第1条和第2条的要求并通过通常用于软件交换的介质分发；或

c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

随附提供你所收到的有关分发“对应源代码”的要约信息。（此替代方案仅适用于非商业分发，且仅在你根据前述b款收到附带此要约的目标代码形式或可执行形式的程序的情况下允许。）

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

作品的源代码是指对作品进行修改的首选形式。对于一个可执行文件，完整的源代码是指它包含的所有模块的所有源代码，加上任何相关的接口定义文件，以及用于控制该可执行文件的编译和安装的脚本。但作为一个特别例外，分发的源代码无需包含通常与该可执行文件所运行的操作系统中的主要组件（编译器、内核等）一起分发（不论以源代码或二进制形式）的任何部分，除非该组件自身随该可执行文件一起分发。

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

如果对可执行文件或目标代码的分发是通过提供从一个指定位置进行复制的途径来实现的，则提供从同一位置复制其源代码的同等途径可视为已分发源代码，即使第三方并未被强制要求在复制目标代码的同时复制源代码。

 

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

除非本许可证明确许可，你不得复制、修改、分许可或分发本程序。任何试图以其他方式复制、修改、分许可或分发本程序的行为均为无效，并将自动终止你在本许可证项下的权利。但是，对于那些根据本许可证从你处获得副本或权利的各方，只要他们完全遵守本许可证要求，他们的许可不会被终止。

 

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

你并非必须接受本许可证，因为你并未签署它。然而，没有任何其他文件授权你修改或分发本程序或其衍生作品。如果你不接受本许可证，则这些行为将为法律所禁止。因此，如果你修改或分发本程序（或任何基于本程序的作品），就表示你接受了本许可证项下许可，并已接受了其所有关于复制、分发或修改本程序或基于本程序的作品的条款和条件。

 

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

每当你再分发本程序（或任何基于本程序的作品），接收者都会自动从原始许可人处获得一个许可，以根据（本许可证的）这些条款和条件复制、分发或修改本程序。你不得对接收者行使本许可证授予的权利施加任何进一步限制。你没有义务要求第三方遵守本许可证。

 

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

如因专利侵权相关的法院判决或指控或任何其他原因（不限于专利争议），你被要求（无论因为法院命令、协议或其他方式）接受与本许可证要求相矛盾的条件，这也不会使你豁免于本许可证要求。如果你不能同时满足本许可证下的义务和任何其他相关义务，那么你不得分发本程序。例如，如果某一专利许可不允许所有直接或间接通过你接收副本的接收者免费再分发本程序，那么你能够同时满足该许可和本许可证的唯一方法是完全避免分发本程序。

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

如本条的任何部分在任何特定情况下被视为无效或不可执行，则本条其余部分仍将适用，且本条作为一个整体在其他情况下均适用。

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

本条的目的不是诱导你侵犯任何专利或其他产权主张，或对任何此类主张的有效性提出挑战；本条的唯一目的是保护由公共许可证实践所构建的自由软件分发体系的完整性。许多人出于对该体系始终如一地适用的信赖，对通过该体系分发的大量软件作出了慷慨的贡献；仅作者/捐赠者有权决定他或她是否愿意通过其他体系分发其软件，而不是由被许可人强加这种选择。

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

本条旨在彻底澄清何为适用本许可证其他条款的后果。

 

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

如果本程序的分发和/或使用在特定国家因专利或受到版权保护的接口而受到限制，则将本程序置于本许可证下的原始版权持有者，可以添加明确的地理范围分发限制，以排除这些国家，因而分发行为仅限于未被排除的国家内或国家之间进行。在这种情况下，本许可证包含该范围限制，视同已写入本许可证正文。

 

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

自由软件基金会可能会不时发布本通用公共许可证的修订版和/或新版本。这些新版本将体现与当前版本相似的精神，但在细节上可能有所不同，以解决新的问题或关注点。

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

每个版本都有一个可区分的版本号。如果本程序指定了其适用的本许可证的版本号和“任何后续版本”，你可以选择遵循该编号版本或由自由软件基金会发布的任何后续版本的条款和条件。如果本程序没有指定本许可证的版本号，则你可以选择自由软件基金会曾经发布过的任何版本。

 

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

如果你希望将本程序的部分内容合并到适用不同分发条件的其他自由程序中，请向作者请求许可。对于自由软件基金会拥有版权的软件，请向自由软件基金会请求许可；我们有时会为此做出例外。我们的决定将由两个目标牵引，即：保护我们的自由软件所有衍生作品的自由状态，和在整体上促进软件的分享和复用。

11.BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 由于本程序是免费许可的，因此在适用法律允许的范围内，本程序没有任何保证｡除非另有书面声明，否则版权持有人和 / 或其他各方 “按原样” 提供本程序，而不提供任何明示保证或默示保证，包括但不限于对适销性和特定目的适用性的默示保证｡关于本程序的质量和性能的全部风险皆由你来承担｡如果本程序确有缺陷，你将承担所有必要的服务､维修或修正的费用｡

 

12.IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 在任何情况下，除非适用法律要求或经书面同意，否则任何版权持有者或任何其他根据上述许可修改和 / 或再分发本程序的一方皆不对你的损失负责，包括因使用或无法使用本程序而引起的任何一般的､特殊的､偶然的或继发性的损失 (包括但不限于数据丢失或数据偏差造成的损失､或本程序无法与任何其他程序一起运行使你或第三方遭受的损失), 即使该持有者或其他人曾被告知存在该等损失的可能性｡

 

 

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 如果你开发了一个新程序且你希望其最大限度地为公众所用，最佳实现方式是让它成为自由软件，以使每个人都可以在这些条款下再分发和修改｡

 

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 为此，请在该程序中附加以下声明｡最安全的做法是将它们附在每个源文件的头部，以便最有效地声明没有保证；每个文件都至少应该有 “版权” 行和完整声明位置的指向｡

 

 

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 此外，还应增加如何通过电子和纸质信件联系你的信息｡

 

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 如果本程序是交互式的，让它在交互模式下启动时输出如下简短声明:

 

The hypothetical commands show w' and show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than show w' and show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. show w” 和 “show c” 这两个假设命令应该展示 “通用公共许可证” 的适当部分｡当然，你的命令可以使用 “show w” 和 “show c” 之外的其他表述；还可以是任何适合你的程序的形式 -- 甚至可以是鼠标点击或菜单项｡

 

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: 如有必要，你还应让你的雇主 (如果你是程序员) 或你的学校 (如涉及) 就本程序签署一份 “版权不主张声明”｡这里是一个示例；请更改其名称:

 

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. 本通用公共许可证不允许将你的程序合并到专有程序中｡如果你的程序是一个子程序库，你可能认为允许专有引用程序链接至本库更为有用｡若这是你想做的，请使用 GNU 库通用公共许可证，而非本许可证｡

 

 

2.译者注：此处为模板。开发者实际使用时应使用英文原文模板，而非译文模板。

 

 

译文声明：本译文按照 CC0 授权你使用､复制及传播等｡但也请你注意，本译文并非官方译文，仅为便于阅读､理解､研讨而翻译，开放原子开源基金会不提供与本译文相关的任何明示或默示保证｡ 这是 GNU 通用公共许可证 (GNU GPL) 的非正式简体中文翻译，由开放原子开源基金会组织翻译｡它并未被自由软件基金会发布，也并非使用 GNU GPL 软件的分发条款的法律声明 -- 只有 GNU GPL 的原始英文版才有法律意义｡不过，我们希望本翻译能够帮助简体中文用户更好地理解 GNU GPL ｡你可以发布本翻译的修改版或原版，但你必须基于 http://www.gnu.org/licenses/translations.html 的条款发布｡